Bibliographies: 'Wilmot proviso' – Grafiati (2024)

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The article focuses on the history of the Democratic Party during the bipartisan Democrat-Whig system. It shows how the nationwide issues of tariffs, slavery and expansion influenced the formation of sectional factions. Having progressed from a small-scale factional struggle, by the end of the period under review the party consisted of two major factions divided geographically by North-South. Particular attention is paid to the “Young America” movement, which originated with young and ambitious politicians who promoted infrastructure development and the idea of expanding borders. This idea came to be known as the "idea of predestination". Although the movement died out in the 1840s, the Predestination idea became the ideological basis for the invasion of Texas, California and other Mexican territories, as well as for the justifcation of the spread of slavery. The article examines how the controversy over the extension of slavery to the newly acquired territories caused a division of political forces in the country. "The Wilmot Proviso", which prohibited slavery in these territories, provoked protests from southern politicians, who not only began voting against the amendment in a single section, but began preparations for a convention that would decide the Southern states' secession from the United States.

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Abstract Background: Tumor mutation burden (TMB) has been widely explored in metastatic melanoma as a proxy of neoantigenic load. In contrast, the role of TMB on the biology of primary melanoma disease progression is less understood. In this study, we explored the associations between the immune context of melanoma subtypes and TMB as measured by several standard and novel criteria. Methods: Whole-genome-sequencing and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) were used to characterize the genomic and immune landscape of a cohort of 116 primary melanomas, including cutaneous non-acral (n=59), acral (n=39) and mucosal (n=18) subtypes, as well as 5 mucosal metastases. mIHC was used to identify intratumoral CD8+ T-cells, memory T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells and PD-L1 expression. Standard measures of TMB -total mutational burden (tTMB) and non-synonymous (ns) mutational burden (nsTMB)- as well as novel measures that incorporate multiplicity and clonality -ns persistent mutation burden (ns-pTMB), and ns mutation dosage (ns-dosTMB) were calculated, and their association with immune profiles and clinical-pathological factors established. Results: In cutaneous non-acral melanomas, ns-pTMB and ns-dosTMB were positively associated with CD8+ T cell proportions (p=0.02 for both comparisons). Clonal, but not subclonal ns-pTMB from mutations present in single-copy regions of the genome were positively associated with higher tumor-resident CD103+CD8 T-cell (p=0.01) and B-cell proportions (p=0.02). Higher single-copy ns-pTMB was also associated with tumors presenting early/intermediate regression compared to late regression. In mucosal melanomas, clonal ns-dosTMB had the strongest positive association with the presence of macrophages (CD68, p=0.005). Additionally, macrophages (p=0.01), tissue resident memory T-cells (p=0.02), PDL1+ cells (p=0.03) and B-cells (p=0.048) were found to be positively associated with clonal ns-pTMB from mutations present in multiple copies, which was also positively associated with the presence of lymphatic invasion (p=0.03). Mucosal patients who recurred had lower levels of single-copy ns-pTMB (p=0.03). In acral melanomas, all measures of TMB were positively associated with the presence of dendritic cells (CD11c), with no particular role for clonality observed. In both cutaneous non-acral (p=0.046) and acral melanomas (p=0.03), but not mucosal (p=0.4), clonal ns-dosTMB was found positively associated with tumor mitotic rate. Conclusion: Novel TMB measures reveal associations between tumor and immune context that are not captured by standard TMB measures alone in primary melanomas. Different TMB measures are linked to distinct immune populations across melanoma subtypes that harbor unique genomic and immune landscapes. Clonal mutations play a dominant role in the associations of TMB with immune cell populations. Citation Format: Eva R. Shteinman, Nigel Maher, Jordan W. Conway, Grace H. Attrill, Felicity Newell, Nic Waddell, Nicholas Hayward, John V. Pearson, Georgina V. Long, Richard A. Scolyer, James S. Wilmott, Ismael A. Vergara. Novel approaches to measuring tumor-mutational burden provide insights into tumor-immune interaction in primary melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5563.

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On December 20, 1860, South Carolinians voted to abandon the Union and sparked the deadliest war in American history. Led by a proslavery movement that viewed Abraham Lincoln’s place at the helm of the federal government as a real and present danger to the security of the South's system of slavery, southerners—both slaveholders and nonslaveholders—willingly risked civil war by seceding from the United States. Rather than staying within the fold of the Union and awaiting the new president’s conduct regarding slavery in the territories and in the slave states, secessionists took bold action to change their destiny. By acting on their expectations of what the new president would do instead of waiting for his actual policy initiatives, they wagered on the possibility of a different future. This dissertation contends that the southern fear of slave insurrection, which was influenced by the Haitian Revolution, and the belief that northern antislavery forces would use violent uprising to end southern slavery shaped the planter ethos over the arc of the antebellum period, affecting national politics. Furthermore, this project explains why secessionists viewed Abraham Lincoln's support of the Wilmot Proviso as a valid reason for disunion.

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abstract: Anglo-Saxon women wielded a remarkable amount of power in the early English church. They founded some of the country’s most influential institutions, and modern Christians continue to venerate many of them as saints. Their path to canonization, however, was informal—especially compared to men and women who were canonized after Pope Gregory IX’s decree in 1234 that reserved those powers for the pope. Many of Anglo-Saxon England’s most popular saints exhibited behaviors that, had they been born later, would have disqualified them from canonization. This project examines how the problematic lives of St. Æthelthryth of Ely and St. Edith of Wilton were simultaneously doubted and adopted by post-Norman Christians. Specifically, it considers the flawed ways that the saints, petitioners, and their communities were simultaneously doubted and legitimized by late-medieval hagiographers.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation English 2018

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This examination of the history of the 20th century and the place of war in its unfolding presents a radical, unorthodox interpretation of both. With provision for seeing 1945 as the proper starting point for the 20th century and 1968 as the year that marked the end of the Age of Reason, this provocative study portrays the First World War as the first war of the 20th century and the Second World War as the last war of the 19th. It also provides a counterview of the Second World War as merely one part of a series of conflicts that lasted between 1931 and 1975 and the Cold War as the time when real hatreds were suspended. Moving through various insurgency campaigns, Willmott subjects the Gulf campaign of 1991 to skeptical analysis that is certain to be contentious. Challenging the view that the 20th century will be viewed by future historians as ranging from approximately 1914 to 1992, Willmott offers this volume as a counter to modern historiography which, he contends, is obsessed with micro-analysis and has lost vital context and perspective. Arguing that war is not the preserve of the intellect, and that it is neither intrinsically rational nor scientific, Willmott depicts war as a manmade phenomenon, complete with all the elements of human failure, misjudgment, and incompetence. He concludes with a consideration of modern doctrine and predictions for the future of war.

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AbstractGisèle Pineau’s Mes quatre femmes: récit (2007) is set in a “geôle obscure de la mémoire,” where different generations of the author’s female relatives are confined. Contrary to the reader’s expectations, however, this memory jail functions as a welcoming, nurturing, womb-like space, as conceptualized by Betty Wilson. Scenes from the past are revisioned and at times, reenacted, as Pineau’s eighteenth-century ancestor Angélique, grandmother Julia, mother Daisy, and aunt Gisèle, after whom Pineau is named, tell stories, all the while imparting knowledge about how they navigated enslavement, colonialism, migration, and patriarchy with various degrees of success during a time when Guadeloupean society and history marginalized them and their experiences. These embodiments of memory remain within her and provide models of behavior for shaping her own identity. In this chapter, I analyze this “geôle obscure de la mémoire”—a veritable site of memory that produces an alternative, oral archive—focusing on the role, dynamic, and storytelling gifts of its inhabitants. I argue that the collective presence of these four women in this atypical spatio-temporal landscape not only haunts their descendant Gisèle in a positive way, but their oral storytelling skills anticipate and inform her own talent for writing.

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AbstractThe most common childhood malignancy is leukemia (30%), followed by brain tumors (20%), lymphomas, both Hodgkin’s (HL) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) (14%), neuroblastoma (7%), soft tissue sarcoma (7%), Wilms’ tumor (6%), bone tumors (5%), germ cell tumors (3%), melanoma (3%), and hepatic tumors (1%). Their incidence varies according to patient age. Less common pediatric malignancies include head and neck cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), germ cell tumors, neurofibromatosis type 1 with suspected malignant transformation, adrenocortical carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, carcinoid, insulinoma, and pheochromocytoma (Steliarova-Foucher et al., Lancet Oncol 18(6):719–731, 2017; Institute, NC. https://nccrexplorer.ccdi.cancer.gov/). Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in young children. It is a NET derived from the primitive neural crest. Although currently MIBG is embedded and required by international therapy protocols for patients with neuroblastoma and has a large body of evidence proving its validity and usefulness, PET tracers such as FDOPA, FDG, and 68Ga-peptides are increasingly used in imaging of neuroblastoma (Pai Panandiker et al., Clin Nucl Med 40(9):737–739, 2015). Additional pediatric NETs include ganglioneuroma, bronchial carcinoid (most common primary malignant pulmonary tumor in children), abdominal carcinoid (rare), pheochromocytoma, and PPGL. Approximately 75% of juvenile nasopharyngeal carcinomas also express surface membrane SSTRs. FDG-PET/CT is the scintigraphic study of choice for the assessment of lymphoma and sarcoma.

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AbstractMutagenesis of in vitro propagated bananas is an efficient method to introduce novel alleles and broaden genetic diversity. The FAO/IAEA Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory previously established efficient methods for mutation induction of in vitro shoot tips in banana using physical and chemical mutagens as well as methods for the efficient discovery of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) induced single nucleotide mutations in targeted genes. Officially released mutant banana varieties have been created using gamma rays, a mutagen that can produce large genomic changes such as insertions and deletions (InDels). Such dosage mutations may be particularly important for generating observable phenotypes in polyploids such as banana. Here, we describe a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach in Cavendish (AAA) bananas to identify large genomic InDels. The method is based on low coverage whole genome sequencing (LC-WGS) using an Illumina short-read sequencing platform. We provide details for sonication-mediated library preparation and the installation and use of freely available computer software to identify copy number variation in Cavendish banana. Alternative DNA library construction procedures and bioinformatics tools are briefly described. Example data is provided for the mutant variety Novaria and cv Grande Naine (AAA), but the methodology can be equally applied for triploid bananas with mixed genomes (A and B) and is useful for the characterization of putative Fusarium Wilt TR4 resistant mutant lines described elsewhere in this protocol book.

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Abstract In the aftermath of the Cincinnati riot, it became apparent that the Brinkerhoff candidacy was a move the Whig Know Nothings were pushing to cut short Chase’s political career or force him into their party. As Chase saw it this latter course was far more dangerous to the antislavery cause and to his own political ambitions. Though Brinkerhoff had a fine antislavery record as a congressman (one of the authors of what became known as the Wilmot Proviso), this splenetic lawyer from Mansfield, in north-central Ohio, was one of the few Democratic political leaders in the state who had openly joined the Know Nothing organization.

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Abstract Between 1849 and 1851 Mississippians wrestled with a number of sectional issues: the Wilmot Proviso, California’s possible admission to the Union as a free state, and the Compromise of 1850. At first uniting men across party lines, these problems ultimately divided the state’s voters into new factions supporting or opposing the compromise and culminated in a convention to consider secession. Throughout the long controversy, men’s behaviour and rhetoric exemplified the foremost qualities of Mississippi’s antebellum political culture. First, it betrayed voters’ feeble attachment to the Whig and Democratic parties as thousands of men discarded their former affiliations in favor of new ones. The 1851 contests at every level evinced an energy and intensity far greater than earlier contests between the two old parties. Second, the nearly two-year-long debate—really one uninterrupted political season—revealed a common.

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Abstract American emigrants capitalized on the ideology of Manifest Destiny and settler-friendly land policies to claim Oregon from Great Britain, making US acquisition of that territory a crowning achievement of Squatter Democracy. But the war with Mexico, which broke out at the same time, struck even some of the most ardent expansionists as dangerous overreach. For many northerners, the commencement of hostilities confirmed suspicions that proslavery men firmly held the reins of the Democracy. Determined to draw a line in the sand, Democratic congressman David Wilmot offered a proviso in August 1846 barring slavery from any territory gained from Mexico and heralding the rise of the Free Soil movement. Lewis Cass responded with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, calling for settlers to decide the slavery question. Squatters ceased being dependably Democratic pioneers who planted the American flag on Pacific shores and became politically unpredictable arbiters of slavery’s future.

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This chapter details how John Roy Lynch's next station after being relieved from duty in Cuba was Omaha, Nebraska. When he crossed the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Lynch realized that for the first time in his life he had put foot on what may be called historic soil. It was the first time he had been that far west. Lynch had frequently passed through a number of the Western states, but had never before been as far west as the state of Nebraska. As a young man, he had read about the Missouri Compromise, the Dred Scott Decision, the Wilmot Proviso, the Kansas and Nebraska Bill, and the Fugitive Slave Law, all of which contributed in no small degree to what finally culminated in the War of the Rebellion. When Lynch reached the state of Nebraska, therefore, those important historical events were brought vividly to his memory.

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A Babco*ck and Wilcox - Solar Turbines Team has completed a program to assess the potential for structural ceramic composites in turbines for direct coal-fired or coal gasification environments. A review is made of the existing processes in direct coal firing, pressurized fluid bed combustors, and coal gasification combined cycle systems. Material requirements in these areas were also discussed. The program examined the state-of-the-art in ceramic composite materials. Utilization of ceramic composites in the turbine rotor blades and nozzle vanes would provide the most benefit. A research program designed to introduce ceramic composite components to these turbines was recommended.

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Turbines operating under wet steam conditions experience efficiency losses caused by the presence of moisture. A full understanding of these loss mechanisms is required for an accurate prediction of turbine performance. However, due to the extremely complicated nature of the wet steam flow, full numerical simulations are time consuming and expensive and have limited value for the turbine designers. The traditional empirical approach, though simple, generally offers no insight into the moisture loss mechanisms. As a result, little guidance is provided for design improvements. This paper presents a physics-based moisture loss prediction system that has been developed specifically for industrial applications. Three main categories of moisture losses are considered: hom*ogeneous nucleation, thermodynamic (supersaturation) loss and mechanical loss. Two new correlations have been developed that provide a quick means for determining the Wilson Point location, resulting equilibrium moisture deficit and average size and number of the condensed moisture (fog). The thermodynamic losses produced by the non-equilibrium expansion of the wet steam beyond the Wilson Point are modeled using Young’s semi-analytical approach [23]. The mechanical moisture losses are modeled using the myriad of loss models available from the public domain. The combination of this new moisture loss model with existing steam path design tools has greatly improved our understanding of the moisture loss that occurs in wet steam expansions. In particular, it has provided significant insight into flow path design optimization for nuclear high pressure (HP) turbines. As a result, a new design methodology, Nuclear HP Dense Pack™, has been developed for the nuclear HP turbines. Preliminary results have shown this new design methodology has the capability of improving the section efficiency of existing nuclear HP steam turbines by 2-4% points.

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Abstract The Anchor reservoir is approximately 140 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The Wilcox reservoir is at depths of 30,000 - 34,000 feet true vertical depth (TVD) with initial bottom hole pressure from 23,000 - 27,000 psi. This paper will provide an Anchor field subsurface overview from discovery to development. Appraisal drilling, comprehensive data acquisition and analysis supported maturation of the Anchor field in deepwater GOM. The execution and interpretation of a new Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) seismic survey enhanced reservoir characterization and influenced placement of Stage 1 wells. The development of the Anchor asset combines technical and operational experience from another Chevron-operated GOM asset in the Wilcox trend with application of 20,000 psi (20k psi) technology to bring the Anchor field to production. During the development drilling campaign and early production years, focused data acquisition will continue to be applied to improve understanding of field performance and give insight on potential future development. Data from each appraisal penetration was used to build probabilistic static and dynamic reservoir models incorporating key reservoir uncertainties. A final investment decision (FID) development plan was established for seven wells to be produced under primary depletion with commingled production from up to four Wilcox zones. Recognizing that seismic quality was challenged in some regions of the field, an OBN seismic survey was conducted in 2020. The survey improved seismic quality compared to legacy volumes and led to adjustments to the East boundary fault and expansion of the high confidence development area. Additional advanced reprocessing was performed in 2023. Development drilling started in 2021 with AP001 drilled close to the discovery well with the Deepwater Conqueror. A second development well, AP002 was drilled to total depth in February 2023. Both development wells were suspended and will be completed using multizone frac pack completions with the new Transocean Deepwater Titan 20k psi rig. Production from the Anchor field will benefit from implementation of several recent technologies already in use in deepwater assets which have been adapted and qualified for high pressure application. A Multiphase Pump (MPP) on the seafloor will enable greater drawdown of the reservoir and boost production to the floating production unit (FPU). Multiphase Flowmeters (MPFM) will be installed at the tree for each producer and combined with downhole pressure gauges will allow close monitoring of well and field performance. Chemical tracers which are activated by exposure to either oil or water will be pre-installed in downhole screens with unique tracers assigned to each completed interval in each well. When sampled, the presence of the tracers will indicate if all completed zones are actively contributing to blended production. For clarity, the following terms are used throughout this paper. High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) refers to equipment rated to pressures greater than 15,000 psi and/or temperatures equal to or greater than 350°F. Anchor is a high pressure project under the HPHT category. 20K refers to the Anchor project's technology development and qualification program.

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Design and manufacturing simulations of critical components such as bullets are considered crucial, particularly, when it is associated with the expense and time constraint of the engineering projects. During the manufacturing, the projectile jacket is the component that faces the greatest strain or stress. In order to find an optimal manufacturing operation for the .50 caliber projectile, an experiment is performed using the Box-Wilson Central Composite Design (CCD) using a combination of two controlled factors, i.e., friction coefficients and hardening exponents, with three-levels of each. The sensitivity of the plastic strain to the hardening exponent and friction coefficients is analyzed. The response surface plot fits well to the second-order polynomial function and is able to provide relative the same plots when the model is extended up to the fourth-order. Furthermore, it is found that the greatest plasticity likely to occur in the jacket walls as the ironing process is performed. Based on the residual strain and stresses analysis, it is evident that the selected material used in the production of projectile is viable. Finally, the ductile fracture analysis confirms that the jacket design is considered safe for the selected manufacturing processes.

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A stellar interferometer involving two movable telescopes is in use on Mount Wilson in the 10 m atmospheric window. Baselines between 4 m and 35 m have been laid out but observations so far have been with baselines of 4 m and 13 m. Heterodyne detection and lobe rotation are used as they are in a radio interferometer, with frequency of the resulting interference fringe reduced to a fixed 10 Hz. Fluctuations of the fringe frequency about the central 10 Hz frequency are measured, along with fluctuations of the 11 m optical paths within each telescope. The spectrum of each of these fluctuations is calculated, as is the spectrum for transmission in the atmosphere excluding the internal optical path. For a 4 m baseline and reasonably good seeing 2", the relative optical paths are stable enough to provide no change in average frequency for observation times of as long as 1 h, which produces a fringe signal width of ~0.3 mHz with small modulation sidebands. Atmospheric path-length fluctuations at frequencies between ~1 and ~10-3 Hz are obtained from the sidebands or from measured phase fluctuations. Wide variations in characteristics of the power spectrum occur for various atmospheric conditions.

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Babco*ck & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc. (B&W) has received a competitively bid award from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy to perform the preliminary front-end engineering design of an advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) steam superheater for a future A-USC component test program (ComTest) achieving 760C (1400F) steam temperature. The current award will provide the engineering data necessary for proceeding to detail engineering, manufacturing, construction and operation of a ComTest. The steam generator superheater would subsequently supply the steam to an A-USC intermediate pressure steam turbine. For this study the ComTest facility site is being considered at the Youngstown Thermal heating plant facility in Youngstown, Ohio. The ComTest program is important because it would place functioning A-USC components in operation and in coordinated boiler and turbine service. It is also important to introduce the power plant operation and maintenance personnel to the level of skills required and provide initial hands-on training experience. Preliminary fabrication, construction and commissioning plans are to be developed in the study. A follow-on project would eventually provide a means to exercise the complete supply chain events required to practice and refine the process for A-USC power plant design, supply, manufacture, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance. Representative participants would then be able to transfer knowledge and recommendations to the industry. ComTest is conceived as firing natural gas in a separate standalone facility that will not jeopardize the host facility or suffer from conflicting requirements in the host plant’s mission that could sacrifice the nickel alloy components and not achieve the testing goals. ComTest will utilize smaller quantities of the expensive materials and reduce the risk in the first operational practice for A-USC technology in the U.S. Components at suitable scale in ComTest provide more assurance before applying them to a full size A-USC demonstration plant. The description of the pre-front-end engineering design study and current results will be presented.

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With increasing fuel costs and more emphasis being placed on sustainable sources of energy, biomass from agricultural residues and energy crops are becoming an increasingly viable value-added resource for the rural economies in United States and throughout the world. Torrefaction, a thermochemical reaction process, is a form of mild-pyrolysis that improves the qualities of biomass feedstocks for use as a fuel similar to charcoal. This research presents a user-centered computational framework to predict the effects of torrefaction of biomass. The reaction model is based on recently developed models for the torrefaction of willow. The basis for this model is a two stage, solid mass loss kinetics reaction where Arrhenius kinetic parameters are estimated based on experimentally obtained TGA data. Utilizing these parameters along with solid product formation equations it is possible to determine the solid mass yield, as well as the yields of the two stages of pseudo-volatiles released during reaction. Chemical species composition of the volatiles is determined from a system of constrained linear equations based on calculated volatile yield data and experimental results. The reaction model is implemented into MATLAB R2012b as a standalone program with a graphical user interface to obtain inputs, and display numeric and graphic results. The overall goal of this model is to provide a guide for improving conversion efficiency of biomass to bio-char.

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In an earlier paper, the authors extended the small parameter analysis of the classic Tate Equations presented by Walters, et al and to the modified penetration equations introduced previously by Jones, et al. The purpose of this extension was to provide an explicit solution to a complex system of nonlinear penetration equations in which penetrator mushrooming was considered, as well as erosion. This has a dramatic effect on the prediction of penetration depth for reasonable values of the strength parameters in the problem. The results were very encouraging and led to our increased understanding of the penetration process. In this paper, we further modify the equations for penetration depth by replacing the fundamental kinematical length relation, considered earlier, by one which was introduced by Wilson, et al. This change does not complicate the system because the mushroom strain is constant, but it does produce some significant changes. In this paper, the results of Cinnamon, et al are used to estimate the mushroom strain. However, instead of applying this result directly, we employ an averaging process to accommodate deviations from cylindrical crater geometry. The changes result in improved penetration depth estimates in high speed metal on metal impacts. A large data set is analyzed using the new results. Application to heavy metal impacts against armor targets is considered as an example.

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The Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has owned the North County Resources Recovery Facility (NCRRF) since 1989, producing clean, economical and renewable energy from refuse derived fuel while preserving precious landfill space. As with any facility as it approaches the end of its first 20-year operating term, the Authority found it necessary to initiate a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued effective operations. The operating agreement between the Authority and the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a subsidiary of Babco*ck & Wilcox (B&W), is set to expire concurrently with the end of the this 20-year term. The Authority acknowledged that PBRRC has unparalleled institutional knowledge of the NCRRF and, as such, took the opportunity to renegotiate its operating agreement with PBRRC for an additional 20-year term. The Authority was also able to build into the new operating agreement conditions for PBRRC to provide assistance to a third party design-builder performing the refurbishment. Additionally, understanding that B&W produced many of the key combustion unit components of the original NCRRF construction, the Authority worked into the new agreement terms for B&W to provide several essential components for the refurbishment that will be installed by the design-builder. When the refurbishment is completed in 2011, the Authority will still only have disposal capacity through 2021 with its existing landfill. To be able to keep up with rapid growth in Palm Beach County, the Authority has initiated the due diligence phase for the development of a new mass burn waste-to-energy facility and landfill that will expand the disposal capacity of the Authority’s system for more than 100 years.

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When high-sulfur-content coal or co*ke is used as fuel in fluidized bed combustors, a large excess of limestone or dolomite must be added for good SOx capture. All of the limestone is calcined but only 30–40% is actually sulfated. The resultant ashes are difficult to dispose of because of the free calcium oxide. These ashes can be reactivated for further SOx capture. A proposed, economic process involves wet grinding of the ashes with sufficient excess water to allow both complete hydration and good grinding conditions. To prevent cementitious solidification of the wet product, it is then mixed with selected dry materials, for example fine coal, to absorb the excess water. Wet waste coal fines or sludges may also be used, then both to provide the water and prevent solidification. The product is then granulated with the cementitious reactions providing a binder for the granules. Good results with large additional SOx capture have been observed both in a small pilot-sized CFBC and during a 54-hour utility boiler test in a 35 MWt boiler. Calcium utilization was nearly doubled, with significant reduction of CO2 emissions. Based on the test results, quick equity payback is expected with savings from reduced limestone purchase and ash disposal costs. In collaboration with The Babco*ck and Wilcox Company (B&W), a long test program at the Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, IL is planned.

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The Midvale 7.5' quadrangle is in the south-central part of Salt Lake Valley. The quadrangle contains parts of Midvale City, South Jordan City, West Jordan City, Riverton City, Sandy City, Draper City, Herriman City, and Bluffdale City and the southern part of South Valley Regional Airport. The Jordan River and Bingham, Midas, Barneys, Rose, Corner Canyon, Willow, and Dry Creeks flow through the quadrangle. A single outcrop of Pennsylvanian Oquirrh Group bedrock, likely Bingham Mine Formation, was previously exposed in the southeast corner of the quadrangle; however, recent development has destroyed and covered this outcrop. The surficial geology is composed of alluvial, deltaic, eolian, lacustrine, and massmovement deposits. The Midvale quadrangle was mapped to provide geologic data for a variety of derivative uses. The Utah Geological Survey (UGS) Geologic Hazards Mapping Initiative will use this map to identify and delimit potential geologic hazards for UGS geologic hazard maps of urban, high recreational use, and rapidly developing areas

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.

Abstract:

Active sand dunes in Kobuk Valley National Park are a regionally rare and ecologically distinct landscape feature occurring within the northern boreal biome. The sand dunes harbor a rich diversity of plants, including several rare and disjunct species and the endemic Kobuk locoweed (Oxytropis kobukensis). Pollinators associated with these dune plants have not been studied in Kobuk Valley, despite their essential role in transporting pollen which many plants rely on for successful reproduction. In order to gain a better understanding of pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator associations in this unique ecosystem north of the Arctic Circle, we conducted surveys of bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) and syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in several places along the Kobuk River and in two active dune areas, the Hunt River Dunes and the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, in late June-early July of 2017 and 2019. We used active and passive collecting methods to sample pollinators at 21 different sites and along five walking transects, and we documented plant associations for net-collected specimens. In all, we collected 326 bees and 256 syrphid flies, representing 27 and 37 taxa, respectively. The most abundant and widespread species collected among syrphid flies were Lapposyrpus lapponicus and Eristalis obscura. For bees, three soil-nesting solitary species, Andrena barbilabris, Megachile circumcincta, and Osmia tarsata made up 60% of the total bee catch. Dryas integrifolia, a widespread plant on the dunes, hosted the highest number of bee and syrphid fly taxa (13 and 20, respectively). Bumble bees (Bombus) and megachilid bees (Megachile, Osmia) favored several plants in the Fabaceae family, while mining bees (Andrena) were abundant on Salix species (willow). A high diversity of syrphid flies were collected on the composite Packera ogotorukensis, and Salix species. Our collections indicate that the endemic Oxytropis kobukensis was primarily visited by the mason bee, Osmia tarsata (44% of all visitors) and the leafcutter bee, Megachile circumcincta (27%). Bumble bees (genus Bombus) made up another 13% of all visitors to this plant. Our study confirms that the active sand dunes in Kobuk Valley provide an ecologically unique habitat both for plants and their associated insect pollinators. For example, many of the solitary bees living in the dunes rely on deep sands for nesting and thus are limited in their distribution across Arctic and boreal landscapes.

Abstract:

Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a hom*olog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a hom*olog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.

Abstract:

Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.

Abstract:

The 106-acre Yeon Unit of Lewis and Clark National Historic Park lies along the immediate coast eight miles north of Seaside, Oregon. The primary objective of these surveys was to capture the complete lichen and bryophyte flora of the Yeon property with focus on the remnant prairies and the salix swamp, report on any rare species observed or collected, and document the extent and population size of the rare lichen, Pannaria rubiginosa. Surveys were conducted in December 2021 and January 2022. While this report sufficiently characterizes the lichen and bryophyte flora of the Yeon property, it is not sufficient for the Sunset property. For a complete list of the non-vascular flora of the Sunset property, a more intentional survey should be conducted. Of the 46 bryophyte species recorded, none of them are considered rare by ORBIC. The species checklist reflects a bryoflora typical of Pacific Northwest coastal dune ecosystems. The collection of Dicranum rhabdocarpum needs to be verified as it is rare in Oregon and there is low confidence in the species level determination of it. The invasive moss, Camplylopus introflexus, was found throughout the site in impacted areas especially where fire management had been conducted. This moss should be monitored as it has spread throughout most areas of the dune and may displace native bryophytes and complicate ecological succession in fire/restoration areas. Lichens were found throughout the 106-acre Yeon unit, although in varying density and diversity. The fore dunes adjacent to the open sand area of the coast historically hosted the coastal prairie habitat but now this area was almost completely infested with the invasive beachgrasses Ammophila arenaria and A. breviligulata. In this area these xerophytic Ammophila species occupied nearly 100% of the terrestrial habitat and there were no trees or shrubs to provide arboreal lichen habitat. There were a few small patches of remnant prairie within the swaths of Ammophila spp. that were generally smaller than 10m?. In these areas the lichens were dominated by Cladonia, Peltigera and Scytinium species. In general, the shore pine habitat that has not been recently thinned had a dense canopy and therefore the surveyable lichen habitat had very low rates of lichen colonization. The exceptions were the areas with edge effects. The west side facing the foredunes hosted a few arboreal species. Light gaps within this forest had minimal arboreal and terrestrial species colonization. Thinned shore pine plantations had a slightly higher concentration of species richness and increased biomass due to the abundance of light that penetrates to the surveyable habitat. These were limited to fairly common species in genera such as Hypogymnia, Platismatia, and Usnea. The area with the richest lichen diversity was in the interdunal wetland and willow swamp areas. These habitats had rich and well developed cyanolichen communities.